albert einstein history

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Albert Einstein
Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg
Albert Einstein in 1921
Born     14 March 1879
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died     18 April 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Residence     Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, United States
Citizenship    

    Kingdom of Württemberg (1879–1896)
    Stateless (1896–1901)
    Switzerland (1901–1955)
    Austrian of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1911–1912)
    German Empire (1914–1918)
    Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
    United States (1940–1955)

Fields     Physics, Philosophy
Institutions    

    Swiss Patent Office (Bern)
    University of Zurich
    Charles University in Prague
    ETH Zurich
    Caltech
    Prussian Academy of Sciences
    Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
    University of Leiden
    Institute for Advanced Study

Alma mater    

    ETH Zurich
    University of Zurich

Thesis     Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen (1901)
Doctoral advisor     Alfred Kleiner
Other academic advisors     Heinrich Friedrich Weber
Notable students    

    Abdul Jabbar Abdullah
    Ernst G. Straus
    Nathan Rosen
    Leó Szilárd
    Raziuddin Siddiqui

Known for    

    General relativity and special relativity
    Photoelectric effect
    Mass-energy equivalence
    Theory of Brownian Motion
    Einstein field equations
    Bose–Einstein statistics
    Bose–Einstein condensate
    Bose–Einstein correlations
    Unified Field Theory
    EPR paradox

Notable awards    

    Barnard Medal (1920)
    Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
    Matteucci Medal (1921)
    Copley Medal (1925)[2]
    Max Planck Medal (1929)
    Time Person of the Century (1999)

Spouse     Mileva Marić (1903–1919)
Elsa Löwenthal (1919–1936)
Children     "Lieserl" (1902–1903?)
Hans Albert (1904–1973)
Eduard "Tete" (1910–1965)
Signature

Albert Einstein (/ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐrt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist and philosopher of science.He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). He is best known in popular culture for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"). He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory.

Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the universe.

He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940.the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.

Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works.On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents. Einstein's intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius so that in a sense he may be regarded as the greatest genius who ever lived.

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